Impression קרא summon/call; קרע tear; pull in opposite directions; ארך long; prolong; thigh; אכר trouble ריח scent; aroma; ירא fear ערך arrange; organize הגר the stranger cognate permutations (control) – can be +/- positive/negative
- Other parts of the AI overview speak of the lack of respect for the mamzer, the child born out of wedlock, which we have discussed before (example:Yeshua/Jesus) (see its relationship in Appendix 5, where מ reflects נ, to H5144. נָזַר nāzar to separate). But this AI response does raise an interesting question. Could הגר be taken as a generic term in addition to the specific character? Recall from Genesis 2:19 that names reflect characteristics,”essence.”
- I ask you also to consider Joseph’s initial intention (see Matthew 1:18-20).
▸ g1165. δειγματίζω deigmatizō; from g1164. δεῖγμα deigma; to exhibit: — make a shew.
AV (1) – make a show 1;
to make an example of, to show as an example
▸ g1164. δεῖγμα deigma is from g1166. δείκνυμι deiknymi
Neither g1165. δειγματίζω deigmatizō nor g1164. δεῖγμα deigma appears in Septuagint, but g1166. δείκνυμι deiknymi is very common.
▸ g1166. δείκνυμι deiknymi; or δεικνύω deiknyō; to show (literally or figuratively): — show.
AV (31) – show 31;
to show, expose to the eyes
metaph.
- to give evidence or proof of a thing
- to show by words or teach
▸ g1166. δείκνυμι deiknymi ➔ h7200. רָאָה râ’â
Impression ראה see רעה satisfy needs ארה contain אחר after cognate permutations(encourage/discourage)
- ➽ This is an important idea to understand. If we expose something about another person, it is an attempt on our part to gain a measure of control over that person. And combine that “control” with “encouragement/discouragement.” How to we treat others? Do we encourage or discourage?
- In the case of Joseph, his being a “just man” was demonstrated by his not wishing to expose Mary’s situation, which would have put others in their hometown in control of her life. He was trying to allow her to control her own destiny. And the Angel encourages him, then Joseph is an encouragement to Mary. Pay It Forward.
- A piece of commentary on my part regarding “social media:” how often is it centered around “exposing tidbits” about others in order to decrease their power and increase our own power?
- And this goes back to the Jewish concept of Lashon HaRa, “the evil tongue,” we have discussed before. It is very much despised to reveal information about others, “even if it is true.” It is a method of controlling others. (See Blog 94 and Blog 176, or simply search for lashon hara in LogAndSpeck.)
- “The stranger” would be particularly susceptible to such derogatory speech precisely because of their different cultural background. The book of Ruth is such a powerful teacher about a positive way to deal with “the stranger;” AND it is not “coincidental” that Ruth and Boaz are in the genealogy of Yeshua/Jesus in Matthew 1:5. See how many verses below indicating we are to treat “the stranger” no differently than we treat those native to our own culture. I simply ask you to ponder who you consider to be “the stranger” in your life. I think this is the same message that the Messiah gave us when he told us to love our enemies..
- Do we “encourage” or “discourage?”
⦁ ▸ Tanakh (33 results)
1. Bereshit 16:1 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְשָׂרַי אֵשֶׁת אַבְרָם לֹא יָלְדָה לוֹ וְלָהּ שִׁפְחָה מִצְרִית וּשְׁמָהּ הָגָר.
2. Bereshit 16:3 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַתִּקַּח שָׂרַי אֵשֶׁת אַבְרָם אֶת הָגָר הַמִּצְרִית שִׁפְחָתָהּ מִקֵּץ עֶשֶׂר שָׁנִים לְשֶׁבֶת אַבְרָם בְּאֶרֶץ כְּנָעַן וַתִּתֵּן אֹתָהּ לְאַבְרָם אִישָׁהּ לוֹ לְאִשָּׁה.
3. Bereshit 16:4 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיָּבֹא אֶל הָגָר וַתַּהַר וַתֵּרֶא כִּי הָרָתָה וַתֵּקַל גְּבִרְתָּהּ בְּעֵינֶיהָ.
4. Bereshit 16:8 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיֹּאמַר הָגָר שִׁפְחַת שָׂרַי אֵי מִזֶּה בָאת וְאָנָה תֵלֵכִי וַתֹּאמֶר מִפְּנֵי שָׂרַי גְּבִרְתִּי אָנֹכִי בֹּרַחַת.
⦁ Genesis 16:1-8
1 Now Sarai, Abram’s wife, had borne him no children. And she had an Egyptian maidservant whose name was Hagar. 2 So Sarai said to Abram, “See now, the LORD has restrained me from bearing children. Please, go in to my maid; perhaps I shall obtain children by her.” And Abram heeded the voice of Sarai. 3 Then Sarai, Abram’s wife, took Hagar her maid, the Egyptian, and gave her to her husband Abram to be his wife, after Abram had dwelt ten years in the land of Canaan. 4 So he went in to Hagar, and she conceived. And when she saw that she had conceived, her mistress became despised in her eyes.
5 Then Sarai said to Abram, “My wrong be upon you! I gave my maid into your embrace; and when she saw that she had conceived, I became despised in her eyes. The LORD judge between you and me.”
6 So Abram said to Sarai, “Indeed your maid is in your hand; do to her as you please.” And when Sarai dealt harshly with her, she fled from her presence.
7 Now the Angel of the LORD found her by a spring of water in the wilderness, by the spring on the way to Shur. 8 And He said, “Hagar, Sarai’s maid, where have you come from, and where are you going?”
She said, “I am fleeing from the presence of my mistress Sarai.”
5. Bereshit 16:15 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַתֵּלֶד הָגָר לְאַבְרָם בֵּן וַיִּקְרָא אַבְרָם שֶׁם בְּנוֹ אֲשֶׁר יָלְדָה הָגָר יִשְׁמָעֵאל.
6. Bereshit 16:16 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְאַבְרָם בֶּן שְׁמֹנִים שָׁנָה וְשֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים בְּלֶדֶת הָגָר אֶת יִשְׁמָעֵאל לְאַבְרָם.
⦁ Genesis 16:15-16
15 So Hagar bore Abram a son; and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. 16 Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.
7. Bereshit 21:9 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַתֵּרֶא שָׂרָה אֶת בֶּן הָגָר הַמִּצְרִית אֲשֶׁר יָלְדָה לְאַבְרָהָם מְצַחֵק.
8. Bereshit 21:14 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיַּשְׁכֵּם אַבְרָהָם בַּבֹּקֶר וַיִּקַּח לֶחֶם וְחֵמַת מַיִם וַיִּתֵּן אֶל הָגָר שָׂם עַל שִׁכְמָהּ וְאֶת הַיֶּלֶד וַיְשַׁלְּחֶהָ וַתֵּלֶךְ וַתֵּתַע בְּמִדְבַּר בְּאֵר שָׁבַע.
9. Bereshit 21:17 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיִּשְׁמַע אֱלֹהִים אֶת קוֹל הַנַּעַר וַיִּקְרָא מַלְאַךְ אֱלֹהִים אֶל הָגָר מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם וַיֹּאמֶר לָהּ מַה לָּךְ הָגָר אַל תִּירְאִי כִּי שָׁמַע אֱלֹהִים אֶל קוֹל הַנַּעַר בַּאֲשֶׁר הוּא שָׁם.
⦁ Genesis 21:9-17
9 And Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, whom she had borne to Abraham, scoffing. 10 Therefore she said to Abraham, “Cast out this bondwoman and her son; for the son of this bondwoman shall not be heir with my son, namely with Isaac.” 11 And the matter was very displeasing in Abraham’s sight because of his son.
12 But God said to Abraham, “Do not let it be displeasing in your sight because of the lad or because of your bondwoman. Whatever Sarah has said to you, listen to her voice; for in Isaac your seed shall be called. 13 Yet I will also make a nation of the son of the bondwoman, because he is your seed.”
14 So Abraham rose early in the morning, and took bread and a skin of water; and putting it on her shoulder, he gave it and the boy to Hagar, and sent her away. Then she departed and wandered in the Wilderness of Beersheba. 15 And the water in the skin was used up, and she placed the boy under one of the shrubs. 16 Then she went and sat down across from him at a distance of about a bowshot; for she said to herself, “Let me not see the death of the boy.” So she sat opposite him, and lifted her voice and wept.
17 And God heard the voice of the lad. Then the angel of God called to Hagar out of heaven, and said to her, “What ails you, Hagar? Fear not, for God has heard the voice of the lad where he is.
10. Bereshit 25:12 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְאֵלֶּה תֹּלְדֹת יִשְׁמָעֵאל בֶּן אַבְרָהָם אֲשֶׁר יָלְדָה הָגָר הַמִּצְרִית שִׁפְחַת שָׂרָה לְאַבְרָהָם.
⦁ Genesis 25:12
12 Now this is the genealogy of Ishmael (h3458. יִשְׁמָעֵאל iyšmâ‘ê’l), Abraham’s son, whom Hagar the Egyptian, Sarah’s maidservant, bore to Abraham.
11. Shemot 12:49 (Mikraot Gedolot)
תּוֹרָה אַחַת יִהְיֶה לָאֶזְרָח וְלַגֵּר הַגָּר בְּתוֹכְכֶם.
⦁ Exodus 12:49
49 One instruction/law shall be for the native-born and for the stranger who dwells among you.”
12. Shemot 23:9 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְגֵר לֹא תִלְחָץ וְאַתֶּם יְדַעְתֶּם אֶת נֶפֶשׁ הַגֵּר כִּי גֵרִים הֱיִיתֶם בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם.
⦁ Exodus 23:9
9 “Also you shall not oppress a stranger, for you know the heart of a stranger, because you were strangers in the land of Egypt.
- Should be the stranger.
13. Vayikra 16:29 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְהָיְתָה לָכֶם לְחֻקַּת עוֹלָם בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי בֶּעָשׂוֹר לַחֹדֶשׁ תְּעַנּוּ אֶת נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם וְכׇל מְלָאכָה לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ הָאֶזְרָח וְהַגֵּר הַגָּר בְּתוֹכְכֶם.
⦁ Leviticus 16:29
29 ”(This) shall be a statute forever for you: In the seventh month, on the tenth (day) of the month, you shall afflict your souls, and do no work at all, (whether) a native of your own country or a stranger who dwells among you.
- ✱ See the more literal translations in several entries below…
14. Vayikra 17:8 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַאֲלֵהֶם תֹּאמַר אִישׁ אִישׁ מִבֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמִן הַגֵּר אֲשֶׁר יָגוּר בְּתוֹכָם אֲשֶׁר יַעֲלֶה עֹלָה אוֹ זָבַח.
15. Vayikra 17:10 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְאִישׁ אִישׁ מִבֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמִן הַגֵּר הַגָּר בְּתוֹכָם אֲשֶׁר יֹאכַל כׇּל דָּם וְנָתַתִּי פָנַי בַּנֶּפֶשׁ הָאֹכֶלֶת אֶת הַדָּם וְהִכְרַתִּי אֹתָהּ מִקֶּרֶב עַמָּהּ.
16. Vayikra 17:12 (Mikraot Gedolot)
עַל כֵּן אָמַרְתִּי לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כׇּל נֶפֶשׁ מִכֶּם לֹא תֹאכַל דָּם וְהַגֵּר הַגָּר בְּתוֹכְכֶם לֹא יֹאכַל דָּם.
17. Vayikra 17:13 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְאִישׁ אִישׁ מִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמִן הַגֵּר הַגָּר בְּתוֹכָם אֲשֶׁר יָצוּד צֵיד חַיָּה אוֹ עוֹף אֲשֶׁר יֵאָכֵל וְשָׁפַךְ אֶת דָּמוֹ וְכִסָּהוּ בֶּעָפָר.
⦁ Leviticus 17:8-13
8 “Also you shall say to them: ‘Whatever man of the house of Israel, or of the stranger(s) who dwell among you, who offers a burnt offering or sacrifice, 9 and does not bring it to the door of the tabernacle of meeting, to offer it to the LORD, that man shall be cut off from among his people.
10 And whatever man of the house of Israel, or of the strangers who dwell among you, who eats any blood, I will set My face against that person who eats blood, and will cut him off from among his people. 11 For the life of the flesh is in the blood, and I have given it to you upon the altar to make atonement for your souls; for it is the blood that makes atonement for the soul.’ 12 Therefore I said to the children of Israel, ‘No one among you shall eat blood, nor shall any stranger who dwells among you eat blood.’
13 “Whatever man of the children of Israel, or of the strangers who dwell among you, who hunts and catches any animal or bird that may be eaten, he shall pour out its blood and cover it with dust;
- ✱ See the more literal translations in several entries below – הגר can be both the noun “the stranger/sojourner” and the participial form of the verb “living as a foreigner.” Thus “strangers who dwell” here is more literally {the stranger} {living as a foreigner}. ((We have seen many times previously that a “doubling” can serve as an emphatic, and in many English translations as “surely” plus the verb. An example is in Genesis 2:17 “…for in the day that you eat of it you shall surely die.” There it is more literally “dying you die,” where both are verbal forms.))
18. Vayikra 18:26 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אַתֶּם אֶת חֻקֹּתַי וְאֶת מִשְׁפָּטַי וְלֹא תַעֲשׂוּ מִכֹּל הַתּוֹעֵבֹת הָאֵלֶּה הָאֶזְרָח וְהַגֵּר הַגָּרבְּתוֹכְכֶם.
⦁ Leviticus 18:26
26 You shall therefore keep My statutes and My judgments, and shall not commit (any) of these abominations, (either) any of your own nation or any stranger who dwells among you.
19. Vayikra 19:34 (Mikraot Gedolot)
כְּאֶזְרָח מִכֶּם יִהְיֶה לָכֶם הַגֵּר הַגָּר אִתְּכֶם וְאָהַבְתָּ לוֹ כָּמוֹךָ כִּי גֵרִים הֱיִיתֶם בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם אֲנִי י־ְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם.
⦁ Leviticus 19:34
34 The stranger who dwells among you shall be to you as one born among you, and you shall love him as yourself; for you were strangers in the land of Egypt: I (am) the LORD your God.
20. Vayikra 20:2 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְאֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל תֹּאמַר אִישׁ אִישׁ מִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמִן הַגֵּר הַגָּר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן מִזַּרְעוֹ לַמֹּלֶךְ מוֹת יוּמָת עַם הָאָרֶץ יִרְגְּמֻהוּ בָאָבֶן.
⦁ Leviticus 20:2
2 “Again, you shall say to the children of Israel: ‘Whoever of the children of Israel, or of the stranger(s) who dwell in Israel, who gives any of his descendants to Molech, he shall surely be put to death. The people of the land shall stone him with stones.
21. Vayikra 22:18 (Mikraot Gedolot)
דַּבֵּר אֶל אַהֲרֹן וְאֶל בָּנָיו וְאֶל כׇּל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתָּ אֲלֵהֶם אִישׁ אִישׁ מִבֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמִן הַגֵּר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר יַקְרִיב קׇרְבָּנוֹ לְכׇל נִדְרֵיהֶם וּלְכׇל נִדְבוֹתָם אֲשֶׁר יַקְרִיבוּ לַי־הֹוָה לְעֹלָה.
⦁ Leviticus 22:18
18 “Speak to Aaron and his sons, and to all the children of Israel, and say to them: ‘Whatever man from the house of Israel, and from the stranger(s) in Israel, who offers his sacrifice for any of his vows or for any of his freewill offerings, which they offer to the LORD as a burnt offering—
22. Bemidbar 15:15 (Mikraot Gedolot)
הַקָּהָל חֻקָּה אַחַת לָכֶם וְלַגֵּר הַגָּר חֻקַּת עוֹלָם לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶם כָּכֶם כַּגֵּר יִהְיֶה לִפְנֵי י־ְהֹוָה.
23. Bemidbar 15:16 (Mikraot Gedolot)
תּוֹרָה אַחַת וּמִשְׁפָּט אֶחָד יִהְיֶה לָכֶם וְלַגֵּר הַגָּר אִתְּכֶם.
⦁ Numbers 15:15-16
15 One ordinance shall be for you of the assembly and for the stranger who dwells with you, an ordinance forever throughout your generations; as you are, so shall the stranger be before the LORD. 16 One law and one custom shall be for you and for the stranger who dwells with you.’”
24. Bemidbar 15:26 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְנִסְלַח לְכׇל עֲדַת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְלַגֵּר הַגָּר בְּתוֹכָם כִּי לְכׇל הָעָם בִּשְׁגָגָה.
25. Bemidbar 15:29 (Mikraot Gedolot)
הָאֶזְרָח בִּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְלַגֵּר הַגָּר בְּתוֹכָם תּוֹרָה אַחַת יִהְיֶה לָכֶם לָעֹשֶׂה בִּשְׁגָגָה.
26. Bemidbar 15:30 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְהַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר תַּעֲשֶׂה בְּיָד רָמָה מִן הָאֶזְרָח וּמִן הַגֵּר אֶת י־ְהֹוָה הוּא מְגַדֵּף וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מִקֶּרֶב עַמָּהּ.
⦁ Numbers 15:26-30
26 It shall be forgiven the whole congregation of the children of Israel and the stranger who dwells among them, because all the people (did it) unintentionally.
27 ‘And if a person sins unintentionally, then he shall bring a female goat in its first year as a sin offering. 28 So the priest shall make atonement for the person who sins unintentionally, when he sins unintentionally before the LORD, to make atonement for him; and it shall be forgiven him. 29 You shall have one law for him who sins unintentionally, (for) him who is native-born among the children of Israel and for the stranger who dwells among them.
30 But the person who does (anything) presumptuously, (whether he is) native-born or a stranger, that one brings reproach on the LORD, and he shall be cut off from among his people.
27. Bemidbar 19:10 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְכִבֶּס הָאֹסֵף אֶת אֵפֶר הַפָּרָה אֶת בְּגָדָיו וְטָמֵא עַד הָעָרֶב וְהָיְתָה לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְלַגֵּר הַגָּר בְּתוֹכָם לְחֻקַּת עוֹלָם.
⦁ Numbers 19:10
10 And the one who gathers the ashes of the heifer shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until evening. It shall be a statute forever to the children of Israel and to the stranger who dwells among them.
28. Devarim 10:19 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַאֲהַבְתֶּם אֶת הַגֵּר כִּי גֵרִים הֱיִיתֶם בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם.
● Deuteronomy 10:19
19 Therefore love the stranger, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt.
29. Devarim 28:43 (Mikraot Gedolot)
הַגֵּר אֲשֶׁר בְּקִרְבְּךָ יַעֲלֶה עָלֶיךָ מַעְלָה מָּעְלָה וְאַתָּה תֵרֵד מַטָּה מָּטָּה.
⦁ Deuteronomy 28:43
43 “The alien who is among you shall rise higher and higher above you, and you shall come down lower and lower.
30. Yehoshua 20:9 (Mikraot Gedolot)
אֵלֶּה הָיוּ עָרֵי הַמּוּעָדָה לְכֹל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְלַגֵּר הַגָּר בְּתוֹכָם לָנוּס שָׁמָּה כׇּל מַכֵּה נֶפֶשׁ בִּשְׁגָגָה וְלֹא יָמוּת בְּיַד גֹּאֵל הַדָּם עַד עׇמְדוֹ לִפְנֵי הָעֵדָה.
⦁ Joshua 20:9
9 These were the cities appointed for all the children of Israel and for the strangerwho dwelt among them, that whoever killed a person accidentally might flee there, and not die by the hand of the avenger of blood until he stood before the congregation.
31. Yeshayahu 14:1 (Mikraot Gedolot)
כִּי יְרַחֵם י־ְהֹוָה אֶת יַעֲקֹב וּבָחַר עוֹד בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וְהִנִּיחָם עַל אַדְמָתָם וְנִלְוָה הַגֵּר עֲלֵיהֶם וְנִסְפְּחוּ עַל בֵּית יַעֲקֹב.
⦁ Isaiah 14:1
1 For the LORD will have mercy on Jacob, and will still choose Israel, and settle them in their own land. The strangers will be joined with them, and they will cling to the house of Jacob.
32. Yechezkel 22:29 (Mikraot Gedolot)
עַם הָאָרֶץ עָשְׁקוּ עֹשֶׁק וְגָזְלוּ גָּזֵל וְעָנִי וְאֶבְיוֹן הוֹנוּ וְאֶת הַגֵּר עָשְׁקוּ בְּלֹא מִשְׁפָּט.
⦁ Ezekiel 22:29
29 The people of the land have used oppressions, committed robbery, and mistreated the poor and needy; and they wrongfully oppress the stranger.
33. Yechezkel 47:23 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְהָיָה בַשֵּׁבֶט אֲשֶׁר גָּר הַגֵּר אִתּוֹ שָׁם תִּתְּנוּ נַחֲלָתוֹ נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יֱ־הֹוִה.
⦁ Ezekiel 47:23
23 And it shall be (that) in whatever tribe the stranger dwells, there you shall give (him) his inheritance,” says the Lord GOD.
- (… lived as a foreigner the stranger…)
The situation of living as a foreigner, an outcast, in and of itself is a discouraging situation. How might we be an encouragement to help that? Is this a model that Yeshua/Jesus showed us? We have spoken before that Scripture tells the Israelites to remember they were slaves once. Here we also see their being told to remember they were “the stranger” once. How does that feel when we are the outsider, “the stranger?”
Blessings, PG
Ⓒ Copyright Philip E. Gates; LogAndSpeck.com, December 2025. Please cite if you use this material.